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FTTA architecture has enabled lower power requirements, distributed antenna sites, and a reduced base station footprint than conventional tower sites. The use of FTTA will promote the separation of power and signal components from the base station and their relocation to the top of the tower mast in a Remote Radio Head (RRH).
As the industry evolves, most MNO networks are now made up of 3G based services and are migrating towards 4G based services. In-building cellular enhancement systems designed for 2G or primarily voice-based services may not be sufficient to support 4G services since signal strength and signal quality specifications become more stringent as the applications move from a voice-centric paradigm to ...
Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.
5G is capable of delivering significantly faster data rates than 4G (5G is approximately 10 times faster than 4G), with peak data rates of up to 20 gigabits per second (Gbps). [27] Furthermore, average 5G download speeds have been recorded at 186.3 Mbit/s in the U.S. by T-Mobile , while South Korea , as of May 2022 [update] , leads globally ...
The following parameters are the requirements for IMT-2020 5G candidate radio access technologies. [6] Note that these requirements are not intended to restrict the full range of capabilities or performance that candidate for IMT-2020 might achieve, nor are they intended to describe how the technologies might perform in actual deployments.
This article provides a summary description of many of the different antenna types used for radio receiving or transmitting systems.
LTE Advanced supports 8×8 antenna configurations with peak download rates of 2,998.6 Mbit/s in an aggregated 100 MHz channel. [ 2 ] Peak upload rates of 75.4 Mbit/s for a 20 MHz channel in the LTE standard, with up to 1,497.8 Mbit/s in an LTE Advanced 100 MHz carrier.
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is used in UMTS, LTE and 5G on the Air interface. It is a layer 3 (Network Layer) protocol used between UE and Base Station. This protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.331 [2] for UMTS, in TS 36.331 [3] for LTE and in TS 38.331 [4] for 5G New Radio. RRC messages are transported via the PDCP-Protocol.