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The coupé models were unveiled in September 2013 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. [17] Nicolas Huet was the lead designer of the F32 coupe. [4] [18]The launch models consisted of the petrol 428i and 435i, and the diesel 420d. [19]
A tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) monitors the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on vehicles. [1] A TPMS reports real-time tire-pressure information to the driver, using either a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light. TPMS can be divided into two different types – direct (dTPMS) and indirect (iTPMS).
A typical direct TPMS (e.g. Ford, [4] BMW [5] or Toyota [6]) comprises the following components on a vehicle: A direct TPM sensor fitted to the back of the valve stem on each wheel; A TPM Warning Light; Unique identifier (IDs) for which tire is providing the data including speed and the direction of rotation; A tire pressure monitor electronic ...
A tire-pressure gauge, or tyre-pressure gauge, is a pressure gauge used to measure the pressure of tires on a vehicle. Proper tire pressure is crucial for vehicle safety, fuel efficiency, and tire longevity. Tire gauges come in various types, including analog, digital, and dial gauges, each offering different features and accuracy levels.
Colorized tire footprint pressure distribution. The contact patch is the portion of a vehicle's tire that is in actual contact with the road surface.It is commonly used in the discussion of pneumatic (i.e. pressurized) tires, where the term is used strictly to describe the portion of the tire's tread that touches the road surface.
Cold inflation pressure is a gauge pressure and not an absolute pressure. This article focuses on cold inflation pressures for passenger vehicles and trucks. The general principles are, of course, applicable to bicycle tires, tractor tires, and any other kind of tire with an internal structure that gives it a defined size and shape (as opposed ...
Ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the ground by the tires or tracks of a motorized vehicle, and is one measure of its potential mobility, [1] especially over soft ground. It also applies to the feet of a walking person or machine .
The BMW M4 is the high-performance version of the 4 Series. The first generation of the M4 is called the F82/F83 and uses the same turbocharged inline-six petrol engine as the F80/F81 M3. The first generation of the M4 is called the F82/F83 and uses the same turbocharged inline-six petrol engine as the F80/F81 M3.