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The DES helps measure mood based on Carroll Izard's differential emotions theory, [3] The DES consists of thirty items, three for each of the ten fundamental emotions as visualized by Izard: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame/ shyness, and guilt, which are represented on 5-point Likert scale. [4]
Carroll Ellis Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017) [1] was an American research psychologist [2] [3] [4] known for his contributions to differential emotions theory (DET), [5] [6] and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX) on which he worked with Paul Ekman. [7]
Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions. For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest , enjoyment , surprise , distress , fear , anger , shame , dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust .
The PAD emotional state model is a psychological model developed by Albert Mehrabian and James A. Russell to describe and measure emotional states. PAD uses three numerical dimensions to represent all emotions. [24] [25] The PAD dimensions are Pleasure, Arousal and Dominance. The Pleasure-Displeasure Scale measures how pleasant an emotion may be.
The Affective Slider is an empirically validated digital scale for the self-assessment of affect composed of two slider controls that measure basic emotions in terms of pleasure and arousal, [6] which constitute a bidimensional emotional space called core affect, that can be used to map more complex conscious emotional states. [7]
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Our emotional language has comparable descriptors, such as "hot-head" and "cool-breezy". The theory offers an explanation for the evolution of common facial expressions of emotion in mammals. Little experimental work has been done to extend the theory, however. Carroll Izard discussed gains and losses associated with the evolution of emotions ...
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