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Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder [9] characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
Depression (kinesiology), an anatomical term of motion, refers to downward movement, the opposite of elevation; Depression (physiology), a reduction in a biological variable or the function of an organ; Central nervous system depression, physiological depression of the central nervous system that can result in loss of consciousness
An estimated 4.4 percent of the global population has depression, according to a report released by the UN World Health Organization (WHO), which shows an 18 percent increase in the number of people living with depression between 2005 and 2015. [64] [65] [66] Depression is a major mental-health cause of disease burden.
In modern times, depression, more often severe cases, is more noted as an absence of pleasure, with feelings of emptiness and flatness. [4] In the United States and Canada, the costs associated with major depression are comparable to those related to heart disease, diabetes, and back problems and are greater than the costs of hypertension. [5]
Family history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications. Depression has been linked to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease, Brain structure and function in the case of bipolar disorder. [1 ...
The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, "to press down". [12] From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits. It was used in 1665 in English author Richard Baker's Chronicle to refer to someone having "a great depression of spirit", and by English author Samuel Johnson in a similar ...
Most depression symptoms are reported more frequently by females; such as sadness (reported by 85.1% of women and 54.3% of men) and crying (approximately 63.4% of women and 42.9% of men). Women have a higher probability to experience depression than men, with the prevalence of 19.2% and 13.5% respectively. [19]
During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying, have a negative outlook on life, and demonstrate poor eye contact with others. [4] The risk of suicide is high. Over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide. [4] 30–40% engaged in self-harm. [4]