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In physics, black hole thermodynamics [1] is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black hole event horizons.As the study of the statistical mechanics of black-body radiation led to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics, the effort to understand the statistical mechanics of black holes has had a deep impact upon the ...
where is ADM mass of the black hole and N a are the conserved charges and a runs from 1 to n. The signature of the metric reflects the sign of the hole's specific heat . For a Reissner–Nordström black hole , the Ruppeiner metric has a Lorentzian signature which corresponds to the negative heat capacity it possess, while for the BTZ black ...
A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10 −24 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate, during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun. Lower-mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster; for example, a black hole of mass 1 TeV/c 2 would take less than 10 −88 ...
The Penrose process (also called Penrose mechanism) is theorised by Sir Roger Penrose as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a rotating black hole. [1] [2] [3] The process takes advantage of the ergosphere – a region of spacetime around the black hole dragged by its rotation faster than the speed of light, meaning that from the point of view of an outside observer any matter inside ...
According to the Bekenstein bound, the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the number of Planck areas that it would take to cover the black hole's event horizon.. In physics, the Bekenstein bound (named after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of ...
Hawking radiation is black body radiation released outside a black hole's event horizon due to quantum effects according to a model developed by Stephen Hawking in 1974. [1] The radiation was not predicted by previous models which assumed that once electromagnetic radiation is inside the event horizon, it cannot escape.
The Unruh temperature has the same form as the Hawking temperature T H = ħg / 2πck B with g denoting the surface gravity of a black hole, which was derived by Stephen Hawking in 1974. [7] In the light of the equivalence principle , it is, therefore, sometimes called the Hawking–Unruh temperature.
For an ideal absorber/emitter or black body, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area per unit time (also known as the radiant exitance) is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's temperature, T: =.