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Phentermine is an norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) and produces stimulant, rewarding, and appetite suppressant effects. [8] [9] [10] Chemically, it is a substituted amphetamine. [11] Phentermine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1959. [3] It is available as a generic medication. [3]
This combination's goal is to prolong the empathogenic effects of MDMA and the psychedelic effects of LSD. The idea is to have be able to experience an enhanced "Candyflipping" with a smoother comedown. The whole experience is long-lasting and can be too intense as all of these molecules synergize and potentiate each other. 2C-B: MDMA: Nexus ...
Alcohol is also converted into phosphatidylethanol (PEth, an unnatural lipid metabolite) by phospholipase D2. This metabolite competes with PIP 2 agonist sites on lipid-gated ion channels. [28] [29] The result of these direct effects is a wave of further indirect effects involving a variety of other neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems. [25]
The effect was first discovered accidentally in 1989, when a test of drug interactions with alcohol used grapefruit juice to hide the taste of the ethanol. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] A 2005 medical review advised patients to avoid all citrus juices until further research clarifies the risks. [ 11 ]
Global per capita alcohol consumption has shown a downward trajectory since the 20th century, suggesting a shift towards prioritizing health and well-being. Many psychoactive substances are used for their mood and perception altering effects, including those with accepted uses in medicine and psychiatry.
Adverse effects were less frequent with the combination regimen than with the other active (non-placebo) treatments. The authors felt that combining fenfluramine and phentermine capitalized on their pharmacodynamic differences, resulting in equivalent weight loss, fewer adverse effects, and better appetite control. [4]
Disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) is the effect of the interaction in the human body of alcohol drunk with disulfiram or some types of mushrooms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The DAR is key to disulfiram therapy that is widely used for alcohol-aversive treatment and management of other addictions (e.g. cocaine [ 3 ] [ 4 ] use).
Sibutramine is the name of an SNRI based appetite suppressant with use in the treatment of obesity. This was explored in the treatment of depression, but was shown not to be effective. Both sibutramine and venlafaxine are phenethylamine-based. At high doses, both venlafaxine and sibutramine will start producing dopaminergic effects.