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In 1218, a Mongolian trade caravan of around 450 men arrived in Otrar, including an ambassador of Genghis Khan. The governor of Otrar, Inalchuq , who was an uncle of Sultan Muhammad II of the Khwarazmian Empire [ 5 ] accused them of being Mongolian spies and arrested them, [ 6 ] and with the assent of Sultan Muhammed, executed the entire caravan.
Genghis Khan [a] (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, [b] was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes , he launched a series of military campaigns , conquering large parts of China and Central Asia .
The siege of Samarkand (1220) took place in 1220 A.D. after Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II. The Mongols had laid siege to the border town of Otrar , but finding its defences obdurate, a large force commanded by Genghis and his youngest son ...
Merv, also formerly known as "Alexandria", "Antiochia in Margiana" and "Marw al-Shāhijān", was a major Iranian city on the historical Silk Road, situated in Khorasan.. Capital of several polities throughout its rich history, Merv became the seat of the caliph al-Ma'mun and the capital of the entire Islamic caliphate in the beginning of the 9th centur
Genghis' second and third sons, Chagatai and Ogedei, were sent forward to besiege the city, while the Khan himself stayed across the river, laying a trap for the Shah—if he came forward to engage the besieging forces, Genghis would cross the river and annihilate the Khwarazmian army in pitched battle. Shah Muhammad did not take the bait, so ...
Bukhara was a part of the kingdom of Khwarazm Shahs, who incurred the wrath of the Mongols by killing their ambassador, and in 1220 the city was levelled by Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan besieged Bukhara for fifteen days in 1220. [21] According to Juvaini, after Genghis Khan took Bukhara "he contented himself with looting and slaughter only once ...
The cover of The Secret History of the Mongol Great Khatuns in Mongolian 2009. Following Ögedei's death, khatuns (queens) briefly ruled the Mongol Empire. Most of these women were not Genghis Khan's daughters, but his daughters- or granddaughters-in-law. Their ability to control the empire made them the most powerful women during this period.
Genghis Khan ordered two of his foremost generals, Subutai and Jebe, to follow the Shah and prevent any such Khwarazmian resurgence; meanwhile, he sent his youngest son Tolui south to subjugate any resistance. The region Khorasan contained Silk Road cities such as Merv, Nishapur, and Herat, which were among the largest and richest in the world ...