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Transcription factors regulate gene expression and cell specialization in eukaryotic organisms.
In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed (copied out) to make an RNA molecule.
Regulation of transcription. Cellular specialization (differentiation) Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) Operons and gene regulation in bacteria ... The lac operon. Trp operon. The trp operon. Overview: Eukaryotic gene regulation. Transcription factors. Regulation of gene expression and cell specialization. Science > AP®︎/College Biology > Gene ...
RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription—the synthesis of an mRNA molecule from a DNA template. RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix and adds complementary RNA nucleotides one at a time to the growing mRNA molecule.
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The process of mRNA translation differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic mRNA has a Shine-Dalgarno sequence for ribosome binding, while eukaryotic mRNA has a 5' cap and poly-A tail for protection and ribosome binding. The first amino acid also differs: formylmethionine in prokaryotes and methionine in eukaryotes.
The Trp operon plays a crucial role in tryptophan production, an essential amino acid. In E. Coli, the operon consists of genes and regulatory DNA sequences, including the promoter and operator. Tryptophan acts as a co-repressor, binding to the Trp repressor and inhibiting transcription when abundant.
Each gene encodes a transcription factor that is expressed in a specific region of the fly starting early in its development as an embryo. The transcription factors change the expression of target genes to enact the genetic “program” that's right for each segment.
Khan Academy
Structure and roles of transfer RNAs and ribosomes. Codons, anticodons, and wobble. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.