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They are generally contrasted with mass media which are produced by teams of people and broadcast to a general population. [2]: 1–7 In other words, personal media allow individuals, as opposed to corporate entities, to contribute knowledge and opinion to the public. [3]: 684 The term dates from the 1980s. [4]
According to Stroud (2008), theoretically, selective exposure occurs when people's beliefs guide their media selections. [5] Selective exposure has been displayed in various contexts such as self-serving situations and situations in which people hold prejudices regarding outgroups, particular opinions, and personal and group-related issues. [6]
Critical media literacy skills, for both printed and digital media, help readers self-evaluate the accuracy of the media content. Nolan Higdon argues that a critical media literacy education focused on teaching critical thinking about how to detect fake news is the most effective method to mitigate the influence of propaganda.
It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence. Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conformity (also called social proof, or "internalization" in Kelman's terms ) and normative conformity ("compliance" in Kelman's terms). [4]
An echo chamber is "an environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own." [1]In news media and social media, an echo chamber is an environment or ecosystem in which participants encounter beliefs that amplify or reinforce their preexisting beliefs by communication and repetition inside a closed system and insulated from rebuttal.
social media's propensity for culture wars embeds misinformation with identity-based conflict [14] the proliferation of echo chambers form an epistemic environment in which participants encounter beliefs and opinions that coincide with their own, [146] moving the entire group toward more extreme positions. [146] [14]
Propaganda is a form of persuasion that is often used in media to further some sort of agenda, such as a personal, political, or business agenda, by evoking an emotional or obligable response from the audience. [1] It includes the deliberate sharing of realities, views, and philosophies intended to alter behavior and stimulate people to act. [2]
Media literacy education is the process used to advance media literacy competencies, and it is intended to promote awareness of media influence and create an active stance towards both consuming and creating media. [12] Media literacy education is taught and studied in many countries around the world. [13]