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26.3 cm = 2.6 dm – length of average male human foot; 29.98 cm = 2.998 dm – distance light in vacuum travels in one nanosecond; 30 cm = 3.0 dm – maximum leg length of a Goliath birdeater; 31 cm = 3.1 dm – wingspan of largest butterfly species Ornithoptera alexandrae; 32 cm – length of the Goliath frog, the world's largest frog
Clock time and calendar time have duodecimal or sexagesimal orders of magnitude rather than decimal, e.g., a year is 12 months, and a minute is 60 seconds. The smallest meaningful increment of time is the Planck time―the time light takes to traverse the Planck distance, many decimal orders of magnitude smaller than a second. [1]
Using the integral form of Gauss's Law, this formula can be extended to any pair of objects of which one is far more massive than the other — like a planet relative to any man-scale artifact. The distances between planets and between the planets and the Sun are (by many orders of magnitude) larger than the sizes of the sun and the planets.
Near the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.807 m/s 2 (metres per second squared, which might be thought of as "metres per second, per second"; or 32.18 ft/s 2 as "feet per second per second") approximately. A coherent set of units for g, d, t and v is essential.
The speed at which light propagates through transparent materials, such as glass or air, is less than c; similarly, the speed of electromagnetic waves in wire cables is slower than c. The ratio between c and the speed v at which light travels in a material is called the refractive index n of the material (n = c / v ).
So are 1 and 2, 1 and 9, or 1 and 0.2. However, 1 and 15 are not within an order of magnitude, since their ratio is 15/1 = 15 > 10. The reciprocal ratio, 1/15, is less than 0.1, so the same result is obtained. Differences in order of magnitude can be measured on a base-10 logarithmic scale in "decades" (i.e., factors of ten). [2]
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A light-minute is 60 light-seconds, and so the average distance between Earth and the Sun is 8.317 light-minutes. The average distance between Pluto and the Sun (34.72 AU [5]) is 4.81 light-hours. [6] Humanity's most distant artificial object, Voyager 1, has an interstellar velocity of 3.57 AU per year, [7] or 29.7 light-minutes per year. [8]