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In physics, black hole thermodynamics [1] is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black hole event horizons.As the study of the statistical mechanics of black-body radiation led to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics, the effort to understand the statistical mechanics of black holes has had a deep impact upon the ...
The entropy of a black hole is given by the well-known Bekenstein–Hawking formula S = k B c 3 A 4 G ℏ {\displaystyle S={\frac {k_{\text{B}}c^{3}A}{4G\hbar }}} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant , c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light , G {\displaystyle G} is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and A ...
Conversely, an acceleration of 1 m⋅s −2 corresponds to a temperature of 4.06 × 10 −21 K. The Unruh temperature has the same form as the Hawking temperature T H = ħg / 2πck B with g denoting the surface gravity of a black hole, which was derived by Stephen Hawking in 1974. [7]
According to the Bekenstein bound, the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the number of Planck areas that it would take to cover the black hole's event horizon.. In physics, the Bekenstein bound (named after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of ...
[2] Raphael Bousso showed that the spacelike entropy bound is violated more broadly in many dynamical settings. For example, the entropy of a collapsing star, once inside a black hole, will eventually exceed its surface area. [3] Due to relativistic length contraction, even ordinary thermodynamic systems can be enclosed in an arbitrarily small ...
In 1972, Bekenstein was the first to suggest that black holes should have a well-defined entropy. He wrote that a black hole's entropy was proportional to the area of its (the black hole's) event horizon. Bekenstein also formulated the generalized second law of thermodynamics, black hole thermodynamics, for systems including black holes.
These concentric event horizons become degenerate for 2r Q = r s, which corresponds to an extremal black hole. Black holes with 2 r Q > r s cannot exist in nature because if the charge is greater than the mass there can be no physical event horizon (the term under the square root becomes negative). [ 9 ]
Fuzzballs are hypothetical objects in superstring theory, intended to provide a fully quantum description of the black holes predicted by general relativity.. The fuzzball hypothesis dispenses with the singularity at the heart of a black hole by positing that the entire region within the black hole's event horizon is actually an extended object: a ball of strings, which are advanced as the ...