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The first phase of European colonization of Southeast Asia took place throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Where new European powers competing to gain monopoly over the spice trade, as this trade was very valuable to the Europeans due to high demand for various spices such as pepper , cinnamon , nutmeg , and cloves .
The influence and imperialism of the West (Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France, United Kingdom, United States) and associated states (such as Russia and Japan) peaked in Asian territories from the colonial period beginning in the 16th century and substantially reducing with 20th century decolonization.
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. . It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and colonisation attempts by Scotland during the 17th century.
The British colonization of the Americas is the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland, and, after 1707, Great Britain. Colonization efforts began in the late 16th century with failed attempts by England to establish permanent colonies in the North.
The New Map of Africa (1900–1916): A History of European Colonial Expansion and Colonial Diplomacy (1916) online free; Hopkins, Anthony G., and Peter J. Cain. British Imperialism: 1688–2015 (Routledge, 2016). Mackenzie, John, ed. The Encyclopedia of Empire (4 vol 2016) Maltby, William. The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire (2008).
The British had competed with Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch for their interests in Asia since the early 17th century and by the mid-19th century held much of India (via the British East India Company), as well as Burma, Ceylon, Malaya and Singapore.
The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3 (1999) pp 122–145. Rippy, J. F. The Evolution of international Business 1800–1945: vol 1: British Investments in Latin America, 1822–1949 (1949) excerpts; Rippy, J. Fred. "Britain's role in the early relations of the United States and Mexico."
Born in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, he first served as a piloto in western Spanish colonial North America on Manila galleons en route to and from the Philippines in the Spanish East Indies. In 1768, he was assigned to the Pacific port of San Blas, in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present day Mexico), and acquired the rank of ensign (alférez).