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Because of the link between HPV and cervical cancer, the ACS currently recommends early detection of cervical cancer in average-risk asymptomatic adults primarily with cervical cytology by Pap smear, regardless of HPV vaccination status. Women aged 30–65 should preferably be tested every 5 years with both the HPV test and the Pap test.
In women over the age of 65, screening may be discontinued if no abnormal screening results were seen within the previous 10 years and no history of CIN2 or higher exists. [83] [84] [85] HPV vaccination status does not change screening rates. [84] A number of recommended options exist for screening those 30 to 65. [86]
In England, the NHS cervical screening programme is available to women aged 25 to 64; women aged 25 to 49 receive an invitation every 3 years and women aged 50 to 64 receive an invitation every 5 years to undergo HPV testing. [15] [16] If there is a positive HPV test result, then patients undergo further cytology (Pap smear). [15]
HPV is a STI that is so ubiquitous that few people even know when they have it. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says it’s “the most common sexually transmitted infection in ...
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Many women with HPV infection never develop CIN or cervical cancer. Typically, HPV resolves on its own. [4] However, those with an HPV infection that lasts more than one or two years have a higher risk of developing a higher grade of CIN. [5] Like other intraepithelial neoplasias, CIN is not cancer and is usually curable. [3]
Genital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence in the US of 10–20% and clinical manifestations in 1% of the sexually active adult population. [29] US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006. [29] About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33. [29]
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.