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CREATE creates an object (a table, for example) in the database, e.g.: CREATE TABLE example ( column1 INTEGER , column2 VARCHAR ( 50 ), column3 DATE NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( column1 , column2 ) ); ALTER modifies the structure of an existing object in various ways, for example, adding a column to an existing table or a constraint, e.g.:
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
SQL-92 was the third revision of the SQL database query language. Unlike SQL-89, it was a major revision of the standard. Aside from a few minor incompatibilities, the SQL-89 standard is forward-compatible with SQL-92. The standard specification itself grew about five times compared to SQL-89.
The create command is used to establish a new database, table, index, or stored procedure. The CREATE statement in SQL creates a component in a relational database management system (RDBMS). In the SQL 1992 specification, the types of components that can be created are schemas, tables , views , domains, character sets , collations ...
The primary key is a column, or a set of columns, that is used to uniquely identify each row. An example might be Product ID or Order ID. Set up the table relationships – Look at each table and decide how the data in one table is related to the data in other tables. Add fields to tables or create new tables to clarify the relationships, as ...
In the example above, the Person table gets two extra fields, valid_from and valid_to, specifying when a person's address was valid in the real world. On 1975-04-04, John's father proudly registered his son's birth. An official will then insert a new entry to the database stating that John lives in Smallville from April, 3rd.
It is a named PL/SQL unit that is stored in the database and can be invoked repeatedly. Unlike a stored procedure, you can enable and disable a trigger, but you cannot explicitly invoke it. While a trigger is enabled, the database automatically invokes it—that is, the trigger fires—whenever its triggering event occurs.
Columns with an atomic data type (e.g., numeric, varchar or datetime columns) can be designated as sparse simply by including the word SPARSE in the column definition of the CREATE TABLE statement. Sparse columns optimize the storage of NULL values (which now take up no space at all) and are useful when the majority records in a table will have ...