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"A potential cause for kidney stone formation during space flights: Enhanced growth of nanobacteria in microgravity". Kidney International. 67 (2): 483–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67105.x. PMID 15673296. This article incorporates public domain material from Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions (PDF).
This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology, including the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). It also includes illustrations showing where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.
Space medicine is a developing medical practice that studies the health of astronauts living in outer space. The main purpose of this academic pursuit is to discover how well and for how long people can survive the extreme conditions in space, and how fast they can re-adapt to the Earth's environment after returning from space.
No birds, except for the ostrich, have a bladder; urine is excreted from the kidneys through the ureters to the cloaca. [83] Avian kidneys combine so called reptilian-type nephrons, without the loop of Henle, and mammalian-type nephrons, with the loop of Henle. [23] Most nephrons are reptilian-type. [84]
The filtration fraction is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney. This can be defined using the equation. The kidney is a very complex organ and mathematical modelling has been used to better understand kidney function at several scales, including fluid uptake and secretion. [35] [36]
The concave part of the bean-shaped kidneys is called the renal hilum, through which the renal artery and nerves enter the kidney. The renal vein, collecting lymphatic vessels and ureter exit the kidney through the renal hilum. [6] [55] The kidneys are located retroperitoneally [6] on the back wall of the body of mammals. [7]
This plot shows a ship capable of 1-g (10 m/s 2 or about 1.0 ly/y 2) "felt" or proper acceleration [6] can travel vast distances, although is limited by the mass of any propellant it carries.
"Third spacing" is the abnormal accumulation of fluid into an extracellular and extravascular space. In medicine, the term is often used with regard to loss of fluid into interstitial spaces, such as with burns or edema, but it can also refer to fluid shifts into a body cavity (transcellular space), such as ascites and pleural effusions. With ...