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Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, [a] is an impairment in a person’s ability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. [2] The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in developed countries. [3]
Thought blocking is a neuropsychological symptom expressing a sudden and involuntary silence within a speech, and eventually an abrupt switch to another topic. [1] Persons undergoing thought blocking may utter incomprehensible speech; they may also repeat words involuntarily or make up new words.
In some cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impairments, such as hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, an increase in mental strain, constant bullying, intellectual disability, substance use disorder, physical impairments such as cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse. [12]
It is the story of Hale's husband, John Hale, a scholar who had had a stroke and lost speech formation abilities. In her book, Hale also explains the symptoms and mechanics behind aphasia and speech formation. She adds the emotional components of dealing with a person with aphasia and how to be patient with the speech and communication. [35] [36]
Viral or bacterial infection or inflammation of the inner ear that can cause dizziness, loss of balance, and temporary hearing loss. Landau-Kleffner syndrome Childhood disorder of unknown origin which often extends into adulthood and can be identified by gradual or sudden loss of the ability to understand and use spoken language. Language
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that results from a neurological injury. Neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and progressive supranuclear palsy frequently transpire in association with dysarthria. [6] Some stem from central damage, while other stem from peripheral nerve damage.
A specific physical disability or communication disorder can be more easily diagnosed. Loss of previously normal speech can be due to accidents, disease, or surgical complication; it is rarely for psychological reasons. Treatment or management also varies by cause and this can often determined after a speech assessment. [4]
Typically, people with expressive aphasia can understand speech and read better than they can produce speech and write. [8] The person's writing will resemble their speech and will be effortful, lacking cohesion, and containing mostly content words. [15] Letters will likely be formed clumsily and distorted and some may even be omitted.