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SQL PL stands for Structured Query Language Procedural Language and was developed by IBM as a set of commands that extend the use of SQL in the IBM Db2 (DB2 UDB Version 7) database system. [1] It provides procedural programmability in addition to the querying commands of SQL. It is a subset of the SQL Persistent Stored Modules language standard.
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
For example, Sybase ASE and Microsoft SQL Server have Transact-SQL, PostgreSQL has PL/pgSQL (which emulates PL/SQL to an extent), MariaDB includes a PL/SQL compatibility parser, [14] and IBM Db2 includes SQL Procedural Language, [15] which conforms to the ISO SQL’s SQL/PSM standard. The designers of PL/SQL modeled its syntax on that of Ada.
The union operator (υ) combines the tuples of two relations and removes all duplicate tuples from the result. The relational union operator is equivalent to the SQL UNION operator. The intersection operator (∩) produces the set of tuples that two relations share in common. Intersection is implemented in SQL in the form of the INTERSECT operator.
In a SQL database query, a correlated subquery (also known as a synchronized subquery) is a subquery (a query nested inside another query) that uses values from the outer query. This can have major impact on performance because the correlated subquery might get recomputed every time for each row of the outer query is processed.
SQL is a well known query language and data manipulation language for relational databases; XQuery is a query language for XML data sources; XPath is a declarative language for navigating XML documents; YQL is an SQL-like query language created by Yahoo! Search engine query languages, e.g., as used by Google [5] or Bing [6]
The EXCEPT ALL operator does not remove duplicates, but if a row appears X times in the first query and Y times in the second, it will appear (,) times in the result set. Notably, the Oracle platform provides a MINUS operator which is functionally equivalent to the SQL standard EXCEPT DISTINCT operator. [3]
SPUFI (SQL Processor Using File Input) is a database facility invented by IBM for interfacing with their Db2 system. It is accessed from within TSO ISPF from the DB2I Primary Option menu. SPUFI allows direct input of SQL commands in the TSO environment, rather than having them embedded within a program.