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Acute pyelonephritis is an exudative purulent localized inflammation of the renal pelvis (collecting system) and kidney. The kidney parenchyma presents in the interstitium abscesses (suppurative necrosis ), consisting in purulent exudate (pus): neutrophils, fibrin, cell debris and central germ colonies (hematoxylinophils).
Fosfomycin can be used as an effective treatment for both UTIs and complicated UTIs including acute pyelonephritis. [87] The standard regimen for complicated UTIs is an oral 3g dose administered once every 48 or 72 hours for a total of 3 doses or a 6 grams every 8 hours for 7 days to 14 days when fosfomycin is given in IV form. [87]
Urinary tract infection in pediatric patients is a significant clinical issue, affecting approximately 7% of fevered infants and children. [43] If left untreated, the infection can ascend from the bladder to the kidneys, resulting in acute pyelonephritis, which leads to hypertension, kidney scarring, and end-stage kidney disease. [44]
The causes of acute kidney injury are commonly categorized into prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Acute kidney injury occurs in up to 30% of patients following cardiac surgery. [22] Mortality increases by 60-80% in post-cardiopulmonary bypass patients who go on to require renal replacement therapy.
Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney. [6] Lupus nephritis is inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of the immune system. [7] Athletic nephritis is nephritis resulting from strenuous exercise. [8]
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In terms of cause, almost any condition that involves ischemia can lead to renal papillary necrosis. A mnemonic for the causes of renal papillary necrosis is POSTCARDS: pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, analgesia/alcohol use disorder, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic vasculitis. [3]