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According to Kent Bach, "almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience". [2] The contemporary use of the term ...
[1] For example, if Batman spoke the following words: I need a special key for the Batmobile. the speech act may be reported using the following words: Batman said that he needed a special key for the Batmobile. with the present tense need replaced by the past tense needed, since the main verb of saying (said) is in the past tense.
[1]: 14 He sees a sharp distinction between the individual text and the 'total speech act situation' surrounding it. According to Austin, in order to successfully perform an illocutionary act, certain conditions have to be met (e.g. a person who pronounces a marriage must be authorized to do so).
Conventionality of procedure: the procedure (e.g. an oath) follows its conventional form; Appropriate participants and circumstances: the participants are able to perform a felicitous speech act under the circumstances (e.g. a judge can sentence a criminal in court, but not on the street)
For example, in the sentences below, 1 and 2 differ only in the verb and both are acceptable. In the corresponding pair, 3 and 4, the use of "hereby" before the non-performative verb see is not coherent because the action of seeing is not performed simply by its utterance.
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In linguistics and the philosophy of language, a locutionary act is the performance of an utterance, and is one of the types of force, in addition to illocutionary act and perlocutionary act, typically cited in Speech Act Theory. [1] Speech Act Theory is a subfield of pragmatics that explores how words and sentences are not only used to present ...
A - act sequence: what speech acts make up the speech event, and what order they are performed in K - key : the tone or manner of performance (serious or joking, sincere or ironic, etc.) I - instrumentalities : what channel or medium of communication is used (e.g. speaking, signing, writing, drumming, whistling), and what language/variety is ...