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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
A site plan or a plot plan is a type of drawing used by architects, landscape architects, urban planners, and engineers which shows existing and proposed conditions for a given area, typically a parcel of land which is to be modified. Sites plan typically show buildings, roads, sidewalks and paths/trails, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary ...
Drainage gradient (DG) is a term in road design, defined as the combined slope due to road surface cross slope (CS) and longitudinal slope (hilliness). Although the term may not be used, the concept is also used in roof design and landscape architecture. If the drainage gradient is too low, rain and melt water drainage will be insufficient.
A poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil, [2] if it is not high in clay quality. Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded. [3] Soil gradation is determined by analyzing the results of a sieve analysis [4] [5] or a hydrometer analysis. [1]
Sag vertical curves are curves which, when viewed from the side, are concave upwards. This includes vertical curves at valley bottoms, but it also includes locations where an uphill grade becomes steeper, or a downhill grade becomes less steep. The most important design criterion for these curves is headlight sight distance. [2]
Invert level affects flow from drainage pipes In civil engineering , the invert level is the base interior level of a pipe, trench or tunnel ; it can be considered the "floor" level. [ 1 ] The invert is an important datum for determining the functioning or flowline of a piping system.
Metro Manila, Philippines, is located in the hydraulically complex Pasig River—Marikina River—Laguna de Bay watershed, which includes more than thirty tributaries within the urban area. [1] The following list is sorted by name, with a brief description of each. Bold indicates the body of water is a major channel.
Laguna Lake Development Authority; Agency overview; Formed: October 22, 1969; 55 years ago (): Jurisdiction: Laguna de Bay and its 21 major tributary rivers: Headquarters: LLDA Green Building, National Ecology Center, East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines