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Derivations of product, quotient, and power rules [ edit ] These are the three main logarithm laws/rules/principles, [ 3 ] from which the other properties listed above can be proven.
Powers of 2 appear in set theory, since a set with n members has a power set, the set of all of its subsets, which has 2 n members. Integer powers of 2 are important in computer science. The positive integer powers 2 n give the number of possible values for an n-bit integer binary number; for example, a byte may take 2 8 = 256 different values.
In linear algebra, the n-th symmetric power of a vector space V is the vector subspace of the symmetric algebra of V consisting of degree-n elements (here the product is a tensor product). In algebraic topology , the n -th symmetric power of a topological space X is the quotient space X n / S n {\displaystyle X^{n}/{\mathfrak {S}}_{n}} , as in ...
(The second symmetric power () is sometimes called the symmetric square of V). This can be proved by various means. One follows from the tensor-algebra construction: since the tensor algebra is graded, and the symmetric algebra is its quotient by a homogeneous ideal : the ideal generated by all x ⊗ y − y ⊗ x , {\displaystyle x\otimes y-y ...
In calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form () =, whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomials can also be differentiated using this rule.
The partial sums of a power series are polynomials, the partial sums of the Taylor series of an analytic function are a sequence of converging polynomial approximations to the function at the center, and a converging power series can be seen as a kind of generalized polynomial with infinitely many terms. Conversely, every polynomial is a power ...
If n is a power of an odd prime number the formula for the totient says its totient can be a power of two only if n is a first power and n − 1 is a power of 2. The primes that are one more than a power of 2 are called Fermat primes, and only five are known: 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65537. Fermat and Gauss knew of these.
Since taking the square root is the same as raising to the power 1 / 2 , the following is also an algebraic expression: 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {1-x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}} An algebraic equation is an equation involving polynomials , for which algebraic expressions may be solutions .