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Essentially, the distilled water produced for Egypt was made in a special apparatus with various forms of condenser employed. The principle for distillation is the same as the apparatus on steamships. On ships, steam is generated in one of the ships boilers then condensed, filtered and aerated in the apparatus.
Distillation setup using a retort and tube condenser, from a 1921 book. [5] The simplest type of condenser is a straight tube, cooled only by the surrounding air. The tube is held in a vertical or oblique position, and the vapor is fed through the upper end. The heat of condensation is carried away by convection.
The distillate from this vessel then passed to an adjacent vessel, the distilling condenser. [23] As these evaporators used a 'clean' seawater supply directly, rather than contaminated water from the boiler circuit, they could be used to supply both feedwater and drinking water. These double distillers appeared around 1884. [15]
A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus [1]: 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.
A glass tube carrying vapors from a distillation flask passed through the inner tin tube. Weigel subsequently replaced the inner tin tube with a glass tube, and he devised a clamp to hold the condenser. [7] However, an anonymous pamphlet published in 1781 claimed that a countercurrent condenser had been conceived in 1770 and tested in 1773. [8]
5: the condenser of the still 6: the cooling-water inlet of the condenser 7: the cooling-water outlet of the condenser 8: the distillate-receiving flask 9: vacuum pump and gas inlet 10: the receiver of the still 11: the heat control for heating the mixture 12: stirring mechanism speed control 13: stirring mechanism and heating plate
They boil the liquid from the bottom of a distillation column to generate vapors which are returned to the column to drive the distillation separation. The heat supplied to the column by the reboiler at the bottom of the column is removed by the condenser at the top of the column. Proper reboiler operation is vital to effective distillation.
It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a distillation flask for the separation of water from liquids. This may be a continuous removal of the water that is produced during a chemical reaction performed at reflux temperature, such as in esterification reactions. The original setup by Julius Marcusson (invented in 1905) was refined ...
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