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Oversaturation of urine with crystals is by far the biggest factor in stone formation in dogs and cats. [3] This oversaturation can be caused by increased excretion of crystals by the kidneys, water reabsorption by the renal tubules resulting in concentration of the urine, and changes in urine pH that influence crystallization.
It is a diagnosis of exclusion which means other possible urinary diseases which could cause bladder inflammation (e.g. feline urinary tract infections or urolithiasis) are ruled out. [5] Research is still being pursued regarding the causes of cystitis in cats, though the following principal risk factors have been identified: [14]
If the cat is indeed blocked with a urethral plug, as time passes, the bladder fills up with urine and causes painful bladder distension. The cat becomes increasingly distressed, and may howl or cry out in pain. The male cat may constantly lick at his penis and the penis may be protruded. The cat may seek seclusion, stop eating and drinking ...
The protein cauxin, a protein excreted in large amounts in cat urine that acts to produce a feline pheromone, has recently been found to cause nucleation of struvite crystals in a model system containing the ions necessary to form struvite. This may explain some of the excess struvite production in domestic cats. [14]
Cauxin protein from feline urine was reported in 2008 to act as a nucleator for struvite crystals, in an in vivo system containing magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate ions. [8] Thus, this protein may act as one cause for feline urinary stones.
Urine microscopy showing calcium oxalate crystals in the urine. As many of the clinical signs and symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning are nonspecific and occur in many poisonings; the diagnosis is often difficult. [24] It is most reliably diagnosed by the measurement of the blood ethylene glycol concentration.
The less common causes of urinating in the house can often be found with a physical exam and bloodwork. Dementia in dogs, or canine cognitive dysfunction, is a common cause of incontinence and ...
A urine test strip or dipstick is a basic diagnostic tool used to determine ... The most common causes of ... especially in cats and dogs, the test strip can be used ...
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