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Limonene (/ ˈ l ɪ m ə n ˌ iː n /) is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit peels. [1] The (+)- isomer , occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing.
Carvone may be synthetically prepared from limonene by first treating limonene nitrosyl chloride. Heating this nitroso compound gives carvoxime. Treating carvoxime with oxalic acid yields carvone. [14] This procedure affords R-(−)-carvone from R-(+)-limonene. The major use of d-limonene is as a precursor to S-(+)-carvone. The large scale ...
Mechanism of limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolysis in the active site of limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase. The epoxide hydrolysis of limonene catalyzed by LEH occurs in a one-step mechanism. Nucleophilic water attacks at one of the two electrophilic positions on the epoxide, opening the three-membered ring to create vicinal diols. [1]
Research also indicates that the d-limonene in orange oil can be useful in exterminating drywood termites (Incisitermes). [8] Orange oil is used as a green pesticide for biological pest control, as it is effective against ants and other insects by disrupting their scent-pheromone trails or dissolving their exoskeletons, thereby preventing ...
Marine botany is the study of flowering vascular plant species and marine algae that live in shallow seawater of the open ocean and the littoral zone, along shorelines of the intertidal zone, coastal wetlands, and low-salinity brackish water of estuaries. It is a branch of marine biology and botany.
Throughout summer, pinching back tips of the most vigorous growth assures more abundant canopy development. As mature plants may produce unwanted, fast-growing shoots (called "water shoots"), these are removed from the main branches at the bottom or middle of the plant. [11] There is reputed merit in the tradition of urinating near a lemon tree.
It is one of the two isomers of pinene, the other being β-pinene. [2] An alkene, it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of coniferous trees, notably Pinus and Picea species. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Satureja myrtifolia (also known as Zoufa in some ...
Plants that cause phytophotodermatitis usually contain linear furanocoumarins. [8] Furanocoumarins are found in the sap of plants such as Ammi majus, parsnip, and giant hogweed. At least 36 species of the genus Heracleum in the family Apiaceae are known to contain one or more furanocoumarin compounds. [10]