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Islamic law was initially taught in study circles that gathered in mosques and private homes. The teacher, assisted by advanced students, provided commentary on concise treatises of law and examined the students' understanding of the text. This tradition continued to be practiced in madrasas, which spread during the 10th and 11th centuries.
Muslims are bound by Sharia on personal matters, while members of other faiths follow civil law. Muslims are required to follow Sharia in family, property and religious matters. [144] In 1988, the constitution was amended to state that civil courts cannot hear matters that fall within the jurisdiction of Sharia courts. [145]
Main schools of thought within Sunni Islam, and other prominent streams. Islamic jurisprudence or fiqh is the human understanding of Sharia, which is believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in the Quran and sunnah (the practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad).
A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest fertility rates (3.1) of any major religious group. [114]
A copy of the Qur'an, one of the primary sources of Sharia. The Qur'an is the first and most important source of Islamic law. Believed to be the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad through angel Gabriel in Mecca and Medina, the scripture specifies the moral, philosophical, social, political and economic basis on which a society should be constructed.
Non-Muslim members have equal political and cultural rights as Muslims. They will have autonomy and freedom of religion. [142] Non-Muslims will take up arms against the enemy of the Ummah and share the cost of war. There is to be no treachery between the two. [143] Non-Muslims will not be obliged to take part in religious wars of the Muslims. [144]
Islam [a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, [9] the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims , who are estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians .
Muslims believe that certain human activities and contact with impure animals and substances cause impurity. Classic Islamic law details how to recognize impurity, and how to remedy it. Muslims use water for purification in most circumstances, although earth can also be used under certain conditions.