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The following is a list of GCE Ordinary Level subjects offered by Cambridge International Examinations (CAIE).You can choose from more than 40 subjects in any combination. [ 1 ] Cambridge O Levels, Cambridge IGCSE and/or Cambridge International Level 1 or Level 2 Certificates may be taken in the same examination session but certain combinations ...
The distance between two bonded atoms is a sensitive measure of the bond strength and its bond order; thus, X-ray crystallographic studies have led to the discovery of even more exotic types of bonding in inorganic chemistry, such as metal-metal double bonds, [63] [64] [65] metal-metal quadruple bonds, [66] [67] [68] and three-center, two ...
The 2004 AQA Anthology was a collection of poems and short texts. The anthology was split into several sections covering poems from other cultures, the poetry of Seamus Heaney, [4] Gillian Clarke, Carol Ann Duffy and Simon Armitage, and a bank of pre-1914 poems.
Proximity analysis is a class of spatial analysis tools and algorithms that employ geographic distance as a central principle. [1] Distance is fundamental to geographic inquiry and spatial analysis, due to principles such as the friction of distance , Tobler's first law of geography , and Spatial autocorrelation , which are incorporated into ...
The distance matrix can come from a number of different sources, including measured distance (for example from immunological studies) or morphometric analysis, various pairwise distance formulae (such as euclidean distance) applied to discrete morphological characters, or genetic distance from sequence, restriction fragment, or allozyme data.
UniFrac, a shortened version of unique fraction metric, is a distance metric used for comparing biological communities.It differs from dissimilarity measures such as Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in that it incorporates information on the relative relatedness of community members by incorporating phylogenetic distances between observed organisms in the computation.
Retrosynthetic analysis was used as early as 1917 in Robinson's Tropinone total synthesis. [1] Important conceptual work on retrosynthetic analysis was published by George Vladutz in 1963 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] E.J. Corey formalized and popularized the concept from 1967 onwards in his article General methods for the construction of complex molecules and ...
The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is bounded between 0 and 1, where 0 means the two sites have the same composition (that is they share all the species), and 1 means the two sites do not share any species. At sites with where BC is intermediate (e.g. BC = 0.5) this index differs from other commonly used indices. [3]