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The theorem is commonly discussed in the context of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics. Systems to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies are called conservative systems. The theorem is named after Henri Poincaré, who discussed it in 1890.
Poincaré recurrence theorem, on sufficient conditions for recurrence to take place in dynamical systems; Poincaré-Bendixson theorem, on the existence of attractors for two-dimensional dynamical systems; Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem, concerning lie algebras and their universal envelopes; Poincaré lemma
This is effectively the modern statement of the Poincaré recurrence theorem. A sketch of a proof of the equivalence of these four properties is given in the article on the Hopf decomposition . Suppose that μ ( X ) < ∞ {\displaystyle \mu (X)<\infty } and τ {\displaystyle \tau } is measure-preserving.
In ergodic theory, Kac's lemma, demonstrated by mathematician Mark Kac in 1947, [1] is a lemma stating that in a measure space the orbit of almost all the points contained in a set of such space, whose measure is (), return to within an average time inversely proportional to ().
Measure-preserving systems obey the Poincaré recurrence theorem, and are a special case of conservative systems. They provide the formal, mathematical basis for a broad range of physical systems, and, in particular, many systems from classical mechanics (in particular, most non-dissipative systems) as well as systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Picard–Lindelöf theorem; Peano existence theorem; Carathéodory existence theorem; Numerical ordinary differential equations; Bendixson–Dulac theorem; Gradient conjecture; Recurrence plot; Limit cycle; Initial value problem; Clairaut's equation; Singular solution; Poincaré–Bendixson theorem; Riccati equations; Functional differential ...
Moreover, the recurrence of states, in the meaning that states are again arbitrarily close after some time of divergence, is a fundamental property of deterministic dynamical systems and is typical for nonlinear or chaotic systems (cf. Poincaré recurrence theorem). The recurrence of states in nature has been known for a long time and has also ...
Poincaré's recurrence theorem: certain systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state very close to the initial state. Poincaré–Bendixson theorem : a statement about the long-term behaviour of orbits of continuous dynamical systems on the plane, cylinder, or two-sphere.