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Levobunolol is the pure L-enantiomer of bunolol and has more than 60 times the pharmacological activity of D-bunolol. [3] It is used as the hydrochloride, which melts at 209 to 211 °C (408 to 412 °F) and is soluble in water and methanol and slightly soluble in ethanol. [2]
Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management of essential hypertension. [4] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle.
Concomitant administration of bambuterol with corticosteroids, diuretics, and xanthine derivatives (such as theophylline) increases the risk of hypokalemia (decreased levels of potassium in the blood).
It is marketed as a 0.25 or 0.5% ophthalmic solution of levobetaxolol hydrochloride under the trade name Betaxon. Levobetaxolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor ( beta blocker ). Indications
Vernakalant was initially developed by Cardiome Pharma, and the intravenous formulation was bought for further development by Merck in April 2009. [5] In September 2012, Merck terminated its agreements with Cardiome and has consequently returned all rights of the drug back to Cardiome, which as of 2018 is known as Correvio Pharma .
Guanfacine, sold under the brand name Tenex (immediate-release) and Intuniv (extended-release) among others, is an oral alpha-2a agonist medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high blood pressure.
[20] Clenbuterol is a growth-promoting drug in the β agonist class of compounds. It is not licensed for use in China, [21] the United States, [20] or the EU [22] for food-producing animals, but some countries have approved it for animals not used for food, and a few countries have approved it for therapeutic uses in food-producing animals.
[20] [21] Intravenously, α to β blockade ratio is 1:7. [ 19 ] [ 16 ] Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta blocker with some α-blocking effects. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] [ 22 ] By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-adrenergic receptor blocker than propranolol , and has a weaker affinity for α-adrenergic receptors compared to phentolamine .