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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
This panel data collection allows researchers to examine the connection between variables across several cross-sections and time periods and analyze the results of policy actions in other nations. [3] A study that uses panel data is called a longitudinal study or panel study.
Panel (data) analysis is a statistical method, widely used in social science, epidemiology, and econometrics to analyze two-dimensional (typically cross sectional and longitudinal) panel data. [1] The data are usually collected over time and over the same individuals and then a regression is run over these two dimensions.
The cross-lagged panel model is a type of discrete time structural equation model used to analyze panel data in which two or more variables are repeatedly measured at two or more different time points. This model aims to estimate the directional effects that one variable has on another at different points in time.
Repeated measures design is a research design that involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods. [1] For instance, repeated measurements are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed.
The Delphi method or Delphi technique (/ ˈ d ɛ l f aɪ / DEL-fy; also known as Estimate-Talk-Estimate or ETE) is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method that relies on a panel of experts.
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The study started with over 18,000 nationally representative individuals. [11] It involved more than 9,000 individuals as of 2009. Socio-Economic Panel, a longitudinal panel dataset of the population in Germany. It is a household-based study that started in 1984 and which reinterviews adult household members annually.