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The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice. The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.
When compared to cumulative increases in greenhouse gas radiative forcing since the start of the Industrial Revolution, it is equivalent to the estimated 2019 radiative forcing from nitrous oxide (0.21 W/m 2), nearly half of 2019 radiative forcing from methane (0.54 W/m 2) and 10% of the cumulative CO 2 increase (2.16 W/m 2). [30]
Cold-weather warfare, also known as cold-region warfare, arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions, or cold, both on land and at sea, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.
Records are falling at the top of the world. The Arctic summer has a long way to go, but already sea ice levels over great swathes of the sprawling Arctic ocean are at historic lows (in the 40 ...
The growing uneasiness about Russian activities in the Arctic, where it is pursuing a new Northern Sea Route made possible by melting ice due to climate change, has motivated the U.S. armed forces ...
More than 3 million of those individuals reside in areas where permafrost is expected to disappear entirely by 2050, the researchers noted. “There could be this giant mercury bomb in the Arctic ...
The increasingly concerning consequences of climate change in the Arctic, resulting in melting Arctic sea ice, have become ground for enhanced attention and cooperation in the region. Fear of economic exploitation and pollution in the Arctic Ocean was a key source of momentum in drafting and implementing the Ilulissat Declaration. [3]
At the current melting rate, if the global temperature rises 3°C above pre-industrial levels, the top permafrost layers of the arctic could melt at a rate of 30-85% and cause a climate emergency. [ 8 ] [ clarification needed ] The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 states that "in some projections, Arctic late-summer sea ice disappears ...