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The opposite argument contends that the cause of workplace bullying lies in the organizational problems and poor leadership skills. Another argument states that workplace bullying is a multi-causal phenomenon, as different factors can play their respective roles in building the tension. [23]
Common examples of workplace aggression include gossiping, bullying, intimidation, sabotage, sexual harassment, and physical violence. [5] These behaviors can have serious consequences, including reduced productivity, increased stress, and decreased morale. Workplace aggression can be classified as either active or passive.
According to Pamela Lutgin-Sandvik, [22] the lack of unifying language to name the phenomenon of workplace bullying is a problem because without a unifying term or phrase, individuals have difficulty naming their experiences of abuse, and therefore have trouble pursuing justice against the bully. Unlike sexual harassment, which identifies a ...
The Japanese courts have applied the general compensation principle of Article 709 of the Civil Code of Japan to compensate victims of workplace bullying and power harassment. [ 5 ] In 2019, the National Diet adopted the Power Harassment Prevention Act, which amends the Labor Policy Comprehensive Promotion Act to require employers to address ...
Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although it can be used in many contexts and among different age groups , relational aggression among adolescents in particular, has received a lot of attention.
Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society ...
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Workplace bullies may have high social intelligence and low emotional intelligence. [12] In this context, bullies tend to rank high on the social ladder and are adept at influencing others. The combination of high social intelligence and low empathy is conducive to manipulative behavior, such that Hutchinson (2013) describes workplace bullying ...