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Film studios have pressured the MPAA to retire the NC-17 rating, because of its likely impact on their film's box office revenue. [81] [82] In 2010, the MPAA controversially decided to give the film Blue Valentine an NC-17 rating. The Weinstein Company challenged this decision, and the MPAA ended up awarding the same cut an R rating on appeal.
The MPAA's member companies remained intact until the 2019 acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, including 20th Century Fox. [80] [81] Netflix was approved as a new member in January 2019, making it the first non-studio and the first streaming service to be part of the organization. The addition of Netflix also helped to maintain the ...
The MPAA reluctantly granted the seal of approval for these films, although not until certain changes were made. [75] [76] Owing to its themes, Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot (1959) was not granted a certificate of approval, but still became a box office smash, and as a result, it further weakened the authority of the Code. [77]
Most countries have some form of rating system that issues determinations variously known as certifications, classifications, certificates, or ratings. Age recommendations, of either an advisory or restrictive capacity, are often applied in lieu of censorship ; in some jurisdictions movie theaters may have a legal obligation to enforce ...
Rated NC-17 for strong, graphic sexuality; kept rating after the MPAA upheld an appeal to overturn it. [46] In the Cold of the Night: 1990 Rated NC-17 in 1990. Edited version rated R in 1990. [47] In the Realm of the Senses (Ai no Korīda) 1976 Rated X in 1976, changed rating symbol in 1991. Rating symbol changed from X. [48] Inserts: 1975
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The Pawnbroker was the first film since pre-Code era featuring bare breasts to receive Production Code approval. In his 2008 study of films during that era, Pictures at a Revolution, author Mark Harris wrote that the MPAA's action was "the first of a series of injuries to the Production Code that would prove fatal within three years." [13]
On February 29, 1996, all segments of the entertainment industry, led by the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA), and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), joined and voluntarily pledged to create such a system. They agreed that the guidelines would be applied by ...