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Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses called blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
Greek orator Demosthenes practicing oratory at the beach with pebbles in his mouth. Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person ...
The Stuttering Foundation of America provides free online resources, services and support to those who stutter and their families, as well as support for research into the causes of stuttering. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, The Stuttering Foundation was established by Malcolm Fraser in 1947 in Memphis, Tennessee. [1]
Some types of treatment for children younger than six years of age focus on the elimination of stuttering. Families are involved in the management of stuttering feedback in children: therapy is usually characterized providing an environment that encourages slow speech, affording the child time to talk, and modeling slowed and relaxed speech.
In some cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impairments, such as hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, an increase in mental strain, constant bullying, intellectual disability, substance use disorder, physical impairments such as cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse. [12]
The educators are also a critical link in the implementation of the child's treatment plan. [17] For children with language disorders, professionals often relate the treatment plans to classroom content, such as classroom textbooks or presentation assignments. The professional teaches various strategies to the child, and the child works to ...
The American Institute for Stuttering is an American nonprofit organization that provides universally affordable speech therapy to people who stutter.The organization, legally known as The American Institute for Stuttering Treatment and Professional Training (AIS), was founded in 1998 by speech-language pathologist Catherine Otto Montgomery in New York, New York.
A 2006 review of stuttering treatments noted that three treatment studies of the SpeechEasy device did not meet the criteria for experimental quality. [30] In addition, studies have been critiqued for failing to demonstrate ecological validity ; in particular that AAF effects continue over the long term and in everyday speaking situations.