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  2. Fourcault process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourcault_process

    Fourcault process machine operators require experience in order to judge placement of the die, location of various parts of the process, and rates of draw. These must be balanced against glass quality and the age of the draw. As the draw continues the glass in the pit grows cooler and cooler, eventually leading to failures or diminished quality.

  3. Machine drawn cylinder sheet glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_drawn_cylinder...

    Machine drawn cylinder sheet was the first mechanical method for "drawing" window glass. Cylinders of glass 40 feet (12 m) high are drawn vertically from a circular tank. The glass is then annealed and cut into 7 to 10 foot (2 to 3 m) cylinders. These are cut lengthways, reheated, and flattened.

  4. Sorcery (goetia) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)

    Page from the Greek Magical Papyri, a grimoire of antiquity. A grimoire (also known as a "book of spells", "magic book", or a "spellbook") is a textbook of magic, typically including instructions on how to create magical objects like talismans and amulets, how to perform magical spells, charms, and divination, and how to summon or invoke supernatural entities such as angels, spirits, deities ...

  5. Glass production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_production

    Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.

  6. Lehr (glassmaking) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehr_(glassmaking)

    To prevent such material weaknesses, objects made from molten glass are annealed by gradual cooling in a lehr oven, from the annealing point, a temperature just below the solidification temperature of the glass. [1] In the process of annealing glass, the temperature is first equalised by holding or "soaking" the glass at the annealing point for ...

  7. Magical tools in Wicca - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca

    Before tools are used in ritual they first are consecrated.In the Gardnerian Book of Shadows, there is a section based entirely on consecrating ritual items. [5] [6] The Book of Shadows states items must be consecrated within a magic circle, at the centre of which lies a pentacle (or paten).

  8. Lampworking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampworking

    Crushed glass particles that have been sifted to specific sizes are known as frit or power. Sheet glass is produced in varying thickness and can be cut and shaped before being worked in the flame. The glass industry has seen steady growth in the past few decades that continues to expand the types and forms of glass available to lampworkers.

  9. Magic in Anglo-Saxon England - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_Anglo-Saxon_England

    In the surviving records, the Anglo-Saxon witch was usually portrayed as a young woman, who practised magic to find a lover, win the love of her husbands, give birth to a live baby or to protect her children. This is in contrast to the later English stereotype of a witch, which is that of an elderly spinster or widow. [39]