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An alternative motivation theory to Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the motivator-hygiene (Herzberg's) theory. While Maslow's hierarchy implies the addition or removal of the same need stimuli will enhance or detract from the employee's satisfaction, Herzberg's findings indicate that factors garnering job satisfaction are separate from factors leading to poor job satisfaction and employee turnover.
Job embeddedness was first introduced by Mitchell and colleagues [1] in an effort to improve traditional employee turnover models. According to these models, factors such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment and the individual's perception of job alternatives together predict an employee's intent to leave and subsequently, turnover (e.g., [4] [5] [6] [7]).
High levels of job satisfaction, in turn, reduces employee turnover and increases the organization's ability to recruit and retain talent. Meyer and Allen based their research in this area more on theoretical evidence rather than empirical, which may explain the lack of depth in this section of their study compared to the others.
Retention management focuses on measures that lead to retention of employees. It includes activities that systematically influence the binding, performance and degree of loyalty of staff. David J. Forrest (1999) defines 5 basic principles [2] of retention management that lead to employee performance and satisfaction, and therefore to their ...
Research found that training increases employee retention by 14% across all training measures studied, and 18% for credible training (from external institutions). [9] There is a flip side - the same research found that retention is reduced by up to 2.5% in general when training is visible and portable, and by 4% when credible.
Employee engagement is a part of employee retention." This definition integrates the classic constructs of job satisfaction (Smith et al., 1969), and organizational commitment (Meyer & Allen, 1991). Defining employee engagement remains problematic.
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the effective and efficient management of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a competitive advantage. It is designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer's strategic objectives.
Reilly defined (workforce planning) as: 'A process in which an organization attempts to estimate the demand for labour and evaluate the size, nature and sources of supply which will be required to meet the demand. ' [2] Human resource planning includes creating an employer brand, retention strategy, absence management, flexibility strategy ...