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The EU standard test conditions for an air source heat pump is at dry-bulb temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) for and 7 °C (44.6 °F) for . [9] Given sub-zero European winter temperatures, real world heating performance is significantly poorer than such standard COP figures imply.
The coefficient of performance, and the work required by a heat pump can be calculated easily by considering an ideal heat pump operating on the reversed Carnot cycle: If the low-temperature reservoir is at a temperature of 270 K (−3 °C) and the interior of the building is at 280 K (7 °C) the relevant coefficient of performance is 27.
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]
"Cold climate" heat pumps are designed to optimize efficiency below 0 °F (−18 °C). As of 2023 heat pumps are marketed that will extract heat from outdoor temperatures as low as −40 °F (−40 °C). In the case of cold climates, water or ground-source heat pumps are often the most efficient solution.
For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance or COP) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is ...
In the UK, annual heat pump sales have steadily grown in recent years with 26,725 heat pumps sold in 2018, a figure which has increased to 60,244 heat pumps sales in 2023. [80] ASHPs can be helped to compete by increasing the price of fossil gas compared to that of electricity and using suitable flexible electricity pricing . [ 19 ]
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