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[51] [52] In tropical soils, when the soil has been deprived of vegetation (e.g. by deforestation) and thereby is submitted to intense evaporation, the upward capillary movement of water, which has dissolved iron and aluminum salts, is responsible for the formation of a superficial hard pan of laterite or bauxite, respectively, which is ...
The rocks that make up these raised stone rings typically decrease in size with depth. [ 6 ] [ 10 ] In the northern reaches of the Canadian Boreal forests , when bogs reach a eutrophic climax and create a sedge mat, tamarack larch and black spruce are often the early colonists within such a polygonal climax sedge mat.
Cryoturbation is the dominant force operating in the active layer, and tends to make it generally uniform in composition throughout. However, variation in the composition of soils due to differences in parent rock are very marked in permafrost regions due to the low rate of weathering in the very cold climate.
According to a new study [83] published in Nature Communications, almost 36 billion tons of soil is lost every year due to water, and deforestation and other changes in land use make the problem worse. The study investigates global soil erosion dynamics by means of high-resolution spatially distributed modelling (c. 250 × 250 m cell size).
A glacier that fills a valley is called a valley glacier, or alternatively, an alpine glacier or mountain glacier. [13] A large body of glacial ice astride a mountain, mountain range, or volcano is termed an ice cap or ice field. [14] Ice caps have an area less than 50,000 km 2 (19,000 sq mi) by definition.
Alaska's mighty Muldrow Glacier is moving 50 to 100 times faster than normal. It's a major surge. Large parts of the 39-mile-long "river of ice" are progressing some 30 to 60 feet per day, as ...
One example of primary succession takes place after a volcano has erupted. The lava flows into the ocean and hardens into new land. The resulting barren land is first colonized by pioneer organisms, like algae, which pave the way for later, less hardy plants, such as hardwood trees, by facilitating pedogenesis, especially through the biotic acceleration of weathering and the addition of ...
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