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Under the 80% rule mentioned above, unsuccessful female job applicants would have a prima facie case of disparate impact "discrimination" against the department if they passed the 100-pound test at a rate less than 80% of the rate at which men passed the test.
The Pareto principle may apply to fundraising, i.e. 20% of the donors contributing towards 80% of the total. The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few and the principle of factor sparsity [1] [2]) states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few").
It is possible for a discriminating state to hide its true intention, and one possible solution is for disparate impact to be considered as stronger evidence of discriminatory intent. [80] This debate, though, is currently academic, since the Supreme Court has not changed its basic approach as outlined in Arlington Heights.
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Case history; Prior: Judgment for defendants, 392 F. Supp. 1276 (E.D. Mo. 1975); reversed, 534 F.2d 805 (8th Cir. 1976); certiorari granted, 429 U.S. 1037 (year).: Holding; In addition to considering the correct relevant labor market in a Title VII disparate-impact case, consider whether the impact that could have been caused by actions taken before Title VII was applied to the employer.
Disparate Impact: Although an employer may not intend to discriminate based on racial characteristics, its policies nonetheless have an adverse effect based upon race. Discrimination may occur at any point in the employment process, including pre-employment inquiries, hiring practices, compensation, work assignments and conditions, privileges ...
The often cited "80-20 rule", also known as the "Pareto principle" or the "Law of the Vital Few", whereby 80% of crimes are committed by 20% of criminals, or 80% of useful research results are produced by 20% of the academics, is an example of such rankings observable in social behavior.
The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, [2] is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend ...