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Since then, 3M has continued to use PFAs in a variety of products, with Scotchgard being the most well known and commercially lucrative. [4] Until the early 2000s, waste from the production of PFAs was dumped at four sites in Minnesota, the Washington County Landfill, the 3M Cottage Grove Chemolite Site, the 3M Woodbury site, and the 3M Oakdale ...
During this process, oxidizing substances are added to PFAS-contaminated water and then the liquid is heated above its critical temperature of 374 degrees Celsius at a pressure of more than 220 bars. The water becomes supercritical, and, in this state, water-repellent substances such as PFASs dissolve much more readily. [230]
C 6 H 4 F 11 NO 3: GenX, FRD-902, Ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate Replacement for PFOA developed by DuPont. GenX is created by combining two HFPO molecules to form HFPO-DA fluoride which is then converted to HFPO-DA. GenX is the ammonium salt of HFPO-DA. When GenX contacts water it releases HFPO-DA.
All of these methods promote the formation of hydroxyl radicals or other oxidizing agents that can oxidize PFAS and break its C−C bonds. [3] [4] However, the remediation of PFAS depends on the environmental medium where the these compounds reside. For example, the treatment of contaminated soil, biosolids and water is not the same, and risk ...
The state also set a PFOS standard at 13 ppt. [24] The state had set a standard for PFNA in September 2018, with an MCL of 13 ppt. [25] [26] In August 2020 the State of Michigan adopted drinking water standards for 5 previously unregulated PFAS compounds and lowered acceptable levels for 2 previously regulated compounds PFOS and PFOA to 16 ppt ...
The Swedish National Food Agency recommends a drinking water limit of 0.09 μg/L for the sum of 11 PFASs (PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, 6:2 FTSA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA). If PFASs are found above this limit in drinking water, immediate action is recommended to reduce the PFAS concentration in the drinking water to as far below the ...
For these reasons, and USEPA pressure, [12] the primary American producer of PFOS, 3M, announced, in May 2000, the phaseout of the production of PFOS, PFOA, and PFOS-related products. [ 13 ] [ 10 ] Most other manufacturers (particularly, those in Europe) phased out the production of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 2000 and 2006 ...
In March 2021 EPA announced that it would develop a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for these contaminants. [108] The State of New Jersey published drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS in 2020. [109] A standard for PFNA was published in 2018. This was the first state to publish PFAS standards in the absence of federal ...