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3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. [1] [2] [3] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, [4] with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.
Computer-aided design (CAD) model used for 3D printing. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it.
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Standby letter of credit (SBLC): Operates like a commercial letter of credit, except that typically it is retained as a standby instead of being the intended payment mechanism. In other words, this is an LC which is intended to provide a source of payment in the event of non-performance of contract.
The term "Three-Dimensional Printing" was trademarked by the research group at MIT, along with the abbreviation 3DP. [5] [6] As a result, the term "3D printing" originally referred uniquely to the binder jet printing process prior to gaining wider acceptance as a term referring to all additive manufacturing processes.
The process is performed as follows: Sheet is adhered to a substrate with a heated roller. Laser traces desired dimensions of prototype. Laser cross hatches non-part area to facilitate waste removal. Platform with completed layer moves down out of the way. Fresh sheet of material is rolled into position.
An example of how 3D printing can be included in the design process is automotive design. [19] There, it is necessary to quickly test and verify a prototype to get the design approved for production. The reduced post-processing steps induced by the multi-material 3D printing technology result in a shorter fabrication time.
3D printing is used to manufacture moulds for making jewelry, and even the jewelry itself. [102] 3D printing is becoming popular in the customisable gifts industry, with products such as personalized models of art and dolls, [103] in many shapes: in metal or plastic, or as consumable art, such as 3D printed chocolate. [104]