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Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is an elevated level of phosphate in the blood. [1] Most people have no symptoms while others develop calcium deposits in the soft tissue. [1] The disorder is often accompanied by low calcium blood levels, which can result in muscle spasms. [1]
For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give ...
Considerations for treatment include symptom severity, time to onset, volume status, underlying cause, and sodium levels. [14] If the sodium level is <120 mEq/L, the person can be treated with hypertonic saline as extremely low levels are associated with severe neurological symptoms. [ 14 ]
has 3 severity levels (risk, injury and failure) and 2 possible outcomes (loss and end-stage) CP - Child–Pugh score [2] for patient with liver failure. used also outside of the ICU. Ranson score [2] simple score used specifically for patients with pancreatitis; MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score [2] with similar objectives as SOFA Score
Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. [1] Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. [1] Complications may include seizures, coma, rhabdomyolysis, or softening of the bones. [1]
APACHE II ("Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II") is a severity-of-disease classification system, [1] one of several ICU scoring systems.It is applied within 24 hours of admission of a patient to an intensive care unit (ICU): an integer score from 0 to 71 is computed based on several measurements; higher scores correspond to more severe disease and a higher risk of death.
The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) is a five-level emergency department triage algorithm, initially developed in 1998 by emergency physicians Richard Wurez and David Eitel. [1] It was previously maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) but is currently maintained by the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA).
Sevelamer is used in the management of hyperphosphatemia in adult patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Its efficacy at lowering phosphate levels is similar to that of calcium acetate , but without the accompanying risk of hypercalcemia and arterial calcification.