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Processor manufacturers usually release two power consumption numbers for a CPU: typical thermal power, which is measured under normal load (for instance, AMD's average CPU power) maximum thermal power, which is measured under a worst-case load; For example, the Pentium 4 2.8 GHz has a 68.4 W typical thermal power and 85 W maximum thermal power.
In physics, the dissipation factor (DF) is a measure of loss-rate of energy of a mode of oscillation (mechanical, electrical, or electromechanical) in a dissipative system. It is the reciprocal of quality factor , which represents the "quality" or durability of oscillation.
Here they also inform that starting from the 12th generation of their CPUs the term Thermal Design Power (TDP) has been replaced with Processor Base Power (PBP). [28] In a support page dedicated to the Core i7 -7700 processor, Intel defines the TDP as the maximum amount of heat that a processor can produce when running real life applications ...
The red curve shows the power in the load, normalized relative to its maximum possible. The dark blue curve shows the efficiency η. The efficiency η is the ratio of the power dissipated by the load resistance R L to the total power dissipated by the circuit (which includes the voltage source's resistance of R S as well as R L):
Power semiconductor devices have a maximum power dissipation rating usually quoted at a case temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). The datasheet for the device also includes a derating curve which indicates how much a device will dissipate without getting damaged at any given case temperature, and this must be taken into account while designing a system.
Joule-heating or resistive-heating is used in many devices and industrial processes. The part that converts electricity into heat is called a heating element. Among the applications are: Buildings are often heated with electric heaters where grid power is available. Electric stoves and ovens use Joule heating to cook food.
The power measurement is often the average power used while running the benchmark, but other measures of power usage may be employed (e.g. peak power, idle power). For example, the early UNIVAC I computer performed approximately 0.015 operations per watt-second (performing 1,905 operations per second (OPS), while consuming 125 kW).
Microprocessors and power handling semiconductors are examples of electronics that need a heat sink to reduce their temperature through increased thermal mass and heat dissipation (primarily by conduction and convection and to a lesser extent by radiation).