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The emphasis of the treatment of bipolar disorder is on effective management of the long-term course of the illness, which can involve treatment of emergent symptoms. . Treatment methods include pharmacological and psychological tech
Lithium is approved by the FDA for the treatment of bipolar disorder and is widely prescribed off-label as a treatment for major depressive disorder, [12] often as an augmentation agent. Lithium is recommended for the treatment of schizophrenic disorders only after other antipsychotics have failed; it has limited effectiveness when used alone. [13]
Rod bipolar cells do not synapse directly on to ganglion cells. Instead, rod bipolar cells synapse on to a Retina amacrine cell, which in turn excite cone ON bipolar cells (via gap junctions) and inhibit cone OFF bipolar cells (via glycine-mediated inhibitory synapses) thereby overtaking the cone pathway in order to send signals to ganglion ...
Bipolar cells come in two varieties, having either an on-center or an off-center receptive field, each with a surround of the opposite sign. The off-center bipolar cells have excitatory synaptic connections with the photoreceptors, which fire continuously in the dark and are hyperpolarized (suppressed) by light. The excitatory synapses thus ...
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The drug seems ineffective in the treatment of current rapid-cycling, acute mania, or acute depression in bipolar disorder. [26] Lamotrigine has been shown to be as effective as lithium, the standard treatment for bipolar disorder. [27] Lamotrigine has not demonstrated clear efficacy in treating acute mood episodes, either mania or depression.
Treatment, for up to 6 months, of an episode of acute mania or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder; Maintenance treatment, as monotherapy, of bipolar I disorder; In the European Union and the United Kingdom, asenapine is only licensed for use as a treatment for acute mania in bipolar I disorder. [3] [7] [4]
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) are a class of psychiatric drugs used primarily as antidepressants. [1] They act by antagonizing the α 2 -adrenergic receptor and certain serotonin receptors such as 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C , [ 1 ] but also 5-HT 3 , [ 1 ] 5-HT 6 , and/or 5-HT 7 in some cases.
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