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Shortness of breath (SOB), known as dyspnea (in AmE) or dyspnoea (in BrE), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct ...
It typically occurs in males and females over the age of 35–40. [1] [3] In 2019 it caused 3.2 million deaths, 80% occurring in lower and middle income countries, [3] up from 2.4 million deaths in 1990. [24] [25] In 2021, it was the fourth biggest cause of death, responsible for approximately 5% of total deaths. [26]
When associated with significant airflow limitation, emphysema is a major subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. [10] [11] Without COPD, the finding of emphysema on a CT lung scan still confers a higher mortality risk in tobacco smokers ...
Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate, abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing.
Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates from respiratory diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants). Restrictive lung diseases are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung compliance, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness, such as in infants with respiratory distress ...
OSA prevalence increases with age and is most commonly diagnosed in individuals over 65 years old, with estimations ranging from 22.1% to 83.6%. [173] The prevalence has drastically increased in recent decades due to the incidence of obesity. [103] Men are more affected by OSA than women, but the phenomenology differs between both genders. [66]
It is a major health problem, with one large review stating an incidence of 7.6% with an associated in hospital mortality rate of 11.9%. [2] Generally, pulmonary edema is associated with a poor prognosis with a 50% survival rate at one year, and 85% mortality at six years.
Periodic breathing is clusters of breaths separated by intervals of apnea or near-apnea. As opposed to normal breathing which is usually regular, periodic breathing is defined as three or more episodes of central apnea lasting at least 4 seconds, separated by no more than 30 seconds of normal breathing. [1]
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