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  2. Statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

    A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and normal distributions, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, linear regression, and correlation. [68] Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of free statistics ...

  3. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...

  4. Normality test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normality_test

    A graphical tool for assessing normality is the normal probability plot, a quantile-quantile plot (QQ plot) of the standardized data against the standard normal distribution. Here the correlation between the sample data and normal quantiles (a measure of the goodness of fit) measures how well the data are modeled by a normal distribution. For ...

  5. This blood test screens for 50 different types of cancer. Is ...

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/blood-test-screens-50...

    Having a super-sensitive multi-cancer screening tool that could actually save lives is the “holy grail” for cancer researchers and physicians. The aptly named health care company Grail claims ...

  6. Data dredging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging

    Optional stopping is a practice where one collects data until some stopping criteria is reached. While it is a valid procedure, it is easily misused. The problem is that p-value of an optionally stopped statistical test is larger than what it seems.

  7. Reference range - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range

    The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the interval between which 95% of values of a reference population fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values.

  8. Survival analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_analysis

    Survival analysis is a branch of statistics for analyzing the expected duration of time until one event occurs, such as death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems. This topic is called reliability theory , reliability analysis or reliability engineering in engineering , duration analysis or duration modelling in economics ...

  9. Sensitivity and specificity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity

    In medicine and statistics, sensitivity and specificity mathematically describe the accuracy of a test that reports the presence or absence of a medical condition. If individuals who have the condition are considered "positive" and those who do not are considered "negative", then sensitivity is a measure of how well a test can identify true ...