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The BMW N57 is a family of aluminium, turbocharged straight-6 common rail diesel engines. The engines utilize variable geometry turbochargers and Bosch piezo-electric injectors. [1] The engine jointly replaced the M57 straight-6 and M67 V8 engines. In 2015 the N57 started to be replaced with the B57 engine, beginning with the G11 730d.
bmw n57 Sound of the engine in a BMW E39 The BMW M57 is a straight-6 diesel engine produced from 1998 up to 2013 in BMW's upper Austrian engine plant in Steyr .
BMW is well known for its history of inline-six (straight-six) engines, a layout it continues to use to this day despite most other manufacturers switching to a V6 layout. . The more common inline-four and V8 layouts are also produced by BMW, and at times the company has produced inline-three, V10 and V12 engines, BMW also engineered non-production customised engines especially for motorsports ...
The BMW N52 is a naturally aspirated straight-6 petrol engine which was produced from 2004 to 2015. The N52 replaced the BMW M54 and debuted on the E90 3 Series and E63 6 Series . The N52 was the first water-cooled engine to use magnesium/aluminium composite construction in the engine block. [ 1 ]
The B57 replaced the previous N57 diesel engine, and was first introduced in the G11 7 Series. The B57 is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers, that operate in a double-series layout. [4] In addition to BMW's own brand vehicles, the BMW B57 is also used in a diesel variant of the Ineos Grenadier. [5]
Amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, also known as primary amyloidosis, is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. [1] The disease is caused when a person's antibody -producing cells do not function properly and produce abnormal protein fibers made of components of antibodies called light chains .
Light chain MGUS is defined as a disorder in which a serum κ to λ free light chain ratio falls outside the normal range of 0.26–1.65 (mean =0.9) provided that it is not associated with: a) any of the CRAB criteria, b) a bone marrow plasma cell count of 10 or a higher percentage of nucleated cells, c) evidence of amyloid deposition (see ...
The majority of treatment is aimed at preserving heart function and treating heart failure symptoms. [3] Light chain (AL-CM) Treatment: Since the cause of this subtype of cardiac amyloidosis is the excessive production of free light chains, the major goal of treatment is the reduction in concentration of light chains. [5]