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Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven separation process in which separation is driven by phase change. A hydrophobic membrane presents a barrier for the liquid phase , allowing the vapour phase (e.g. water vapour) to pass through the membrane's pores. [ 1 ]
Selective electrodialysis uses ion selective exchange membranes to concentrate only some ions, whereas other species remain in the diluted channel. Selective electrodialysis is usually done by employing monovalent anion and/or cation exchange membranes, that only allows migration of monovalent anion or cations, respectively.
An ion-exchange membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules. [1] Ion-exchange membranes are therefore electrically conductive. They are often used in desalination and chemical recovery applications, moving ions from one solution to another with little passage of ...
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically ...
Compared to RO membranes, ion exchange requires repetitive regeneration when inlet water is hard (has high mineral content). [citation needed] Industrial and analytical ion-exchange chromatography is another area to be mentioned. Ion-exchange chromatography is a chromatographical method that is widely used for chemical analysis and separation ...
Donnan dialysis is a separation process which is used to exchange ions between two aqueous solutions which are separated by a CEM or an AEM membrane. In the case of a cation exchange membrane separating two solutions with different acidity, protons (H +) go through the membrane to the less acidic side. This induces an electrical potential that ...
Ion exchange; Membrane processes. Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) Reverse osmosis (RO) Nanofiltration (NF) Membrane distillation (MD) Forward osmosis (FO) Freezing desalination; Geothermal desalination; Solar desalination. Solar humidification–dehumidification (HDH) Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) Seawater greenhouse; Methane hydrate ...
Technological advancements in ion-exchange membranes and electrodialysis systems has enabled high efficiency treatment of flue-gas desulfurization wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits. [19] The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters. [citation needed]