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  2. Vertebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra

    A typical vertebra has a body (vertebral body), also known as the centrum, which consists of a large anterior middle portion, and a posterior vertebral arch, [2] also called a neural arch. [3] The body is composed of cancellous bone , which is the spongy type of osseous tissue , whose microanatomy has been specifically studied within the ...

  3. Spinal column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_column

    An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called a neural arch, while the haemal arch is found underneath the centrum in the caudal (tail) vertebrae of fish, most reptiles, some birds, some dinosaurs and some mammals with long tails. The vertebral processes can either give the structure rigidity, help them articulate with ribs, or serve ...

  4. Lumbar spinal stenosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_stenosis

    Forward displacement of a proximal vertebra in relation to its adjacent vertebra in association with an intact neural arch, and in the presence of degenerative changes, is known as degenerative spondylolisthesis, [9] [10] which narrows the spinal canal, and symptoms of spinal stenosis are common. Of these, neural claudication is most common.

  5. Glossary of dinosaur anatomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy

    Dinosaur have complex neural arches, often ornamented with a system of laminae, fossae, and/or pleurocoels which define air sacs that lie along the vertebrae. neural spine Neural spines (also: spinous processes) are processes rising upward from the top surface of the vertebral neural arch. Singular processes, they form a single row along the ...

  6. Total disc replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Disc_Replacement

    The second disc replacement to achieve wide clinical use was the prodisc total disc replacement; it continues to have worldwide use today. Designed by French orthopedic spine surgeon Thiery Marnay, M.D., in the late 1980s, early implantations of the prodisc device began in 1990, with a 7-11 year follow-up published in 2005.

  7. Laminotomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminotomy

    A laminotomy is an orthopaedic neurosurgical procedure that removes part of the lamina of a vertebral arch in order to relieve pressure in the vertebral canal. [1] A laminotomy is less invasive than conventional vertebral column surgery techniques, such as laminectomy because it leaves more ligaments and muscles attached to the spinous process intact and it requires removing less bone from the ...

  8. Lesothosaurus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesothosaurus

    The 3rd cervical is also amphicoelus but has a trapezoidal centrum shape. The neural arch is expanded dorsoventrally, but has a small neural spine. As for the dorsal (back) vertebrae, Lesothosaurus has no complete dorsal columns preserved but likely had 12-15 dorsal (back) vertebrae. The dorsals also had spool-shaped centra, ventral keels ...

  9. Vertebral column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_curvature

    The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.The vertebral column is the defining and eponymous characteristic of the vertebrate endoskeleton, where the notochord (an elastic collagen-wrapped glycoprotein rod) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of mineralized irregular bones ...

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