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In numerical mathematics, Beam and Warming scheme or Beam–Warming implicit scheme introduced in 1978 by Richard M. Beam and R. F. Warming, [1] [2] is a second order accurate implicit scheme, mainly used for solving non-linear hyperbolic equations. It is not used much nowadays.
It is a first-order method in time, explicit in time, and is conditionally stable when applied to the heat equation. When used as a method for advection equations, or more generally hyperbolic partial differential equations, it is unstable unless artificial viscosity is included. The abbreviation FTCS was first used by Patrick Roache.
It is a Riemann-solver-free, second-order, high-resolution scheme that uses MUSCL reconstruction. It is a fully discrete method that is straight forward to implement and can be used on scalar and vector problems, and can be viewed as a Rusanov flux (also called the local Lax-Friedrichs flux) supplemented with high order reconstructions.
In order to find the cell face value a quadratic function passing through two bracketing or surrounding nodes and one node on the upstream side must be used. In central differencing scheme and second order upwind scheme the first order derivative is included and the second order derivative is ignored.
What follows is the Richtmyer two-step Lax–Wendroff method. The first step in the Richtmyer two-step Lax–Wendroff method calculates values for f(u(x, t)) at half time steps, t n + 1/2 and half grid points, x i + 1/2.
The right side of the convection-diffusion equation, which basically highlights the diffusion terms, can be represented using central difference approximation. To simplify the solution and analysis, linear interpolation can be used logically to compute the cell face values for the left side of this equation, which is nothing but the convective ...
Lower case denotes the face and upper case denotes node; , , and refer to the "East," "West," and "Central" cell. (again, see Fig. 1 below). Defining variable F as convection mass flux and variable D as diffusion conductance = and =
The Verlet method is the second-order integrator with = and coefficients =, =, = =. Since c 1 = 0 {\displaystyle c_{1}=0} , the algorithm above is symmetric in time. There are 3 steps to the algorithm, and step 1 and 3 are exactly the same, so the positive time version can be used for negative time.