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  2. Value engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineering

    Value engineering can lead to the substitution of lower-cost materials, as with the exterior cladding that accelerated the Grenfell Tower fire in London. [1] [2]Value engineering (VE) is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality.

  3. Phase-change material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material

    A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat or cooling. Generally the transition will be from one of the first two fundamental states of matter - solid and liquid - to the other.

  4. Stefan problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_problem

    In mathematics and its applications, particularly to phase transitions in matter, a Stefan problem is a particular kind of boundary value problem for a system of partial differential equations (PDE), in which the boundary between the phases can move with time.

  5. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.

  6. Value-based engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-based_Engineering

    In VBE, ethical system design is achieved through four processes aligned with ISO/IEC 15288.. Concept of operation and context exploration process: This process aims to gain an initial understanding of the context, relevant stakeholders, legal, social, environmental, and ethical feasibility, and control over the intended external partners of a proposed system, and to develop a tangible concept ...

  7. Front-end loading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-end_loading

    Front-end loading (FEL), also referred to as Front-End Engineering Design (FEED), Front End Planning (FEP), pre-project planning (PPP), and early project planning, is the process for conceptual development of projects in processing industries such as upstream oil and gas, petrochemical, natural gas refining, extractive metallurgy, waste-to-energy, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals.

  8. Phase-gate process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-gate_process

    A phase-gate process (also referred to as a waterfall process) is a project management technique in which an initiative or project (e.g., new product development, software development, process improvement, business change) is divided into distinct stages or phases, separated by decision points (known as gates).

  9. Diffusionless transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionless_transformation

    In such instances, if the new phase is constrained by the surrounding material, elastic or plastic deformation may occur, introducing a strain energy term. The interplay between these interfacial and strain energy terms significantly influences the kinetics of the transformation and the morphology of the resulting phase. Notably, in shuffle ...